Acid rock drainage (ARD) is a phenomenon that occurs when sulfide minerals in rocks are exposed to water and oxygen, causing them to oxidize and release sulfuric acid. This acidic water can then leach heavy metals and other contaminants from the surrounding rock, resulting in highly acidic and metal-laden water. ARD is a significant environmental issue, particularly in mining areas where sulfide minerals are commonly found. It can have harmful effects on aquatic ecosystems, drinking water sources, and human health. Researchers study ARD to understand its causes, impacts, and potential mitigation strategies to protect the environment and public health.